Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever)

Inflammation of the nose caused by an allergy to things like dust mites, pollen or pet dander, causing sneezing and a runny nose.

AllergyNoseLast updated: 21 October 2026

Quick Summary

Primary Symptoms

Sneezing, runny or blocked nose, itchy nose, eyes and throat, and watery eyes.

Common Treatments

Avoiding triggers, antihistamines, steroid nasal sprays and saline rinses.

Risk Factors

Family history of allergy, asthma or eczema, dust mites, pollen, mould and pets.

OverviewSymptomsCausesTreatmentFAQ

Overview

Allergic rhinitis happens when the immune system overreacts to harmless substances in the air. It can be seasonal (pollen) or year-round (dust mites, mould, pets).

It's very common and often linked with asthma. Good treatment improves sleep, concentration and asthma control.

Symptoms

Sneezing

Often in bursts.

Runny or blocked nose

Clear, watery mucus.

Itchy, watery eyes

Often red.

Poor sleep

Blocked nose at night can affect sleep and daytime energy.

Causes & Risk Factors

Biological Causes

The immune system makes IgE antibodies to an allergen, and contact triggers the release of histamine in the nose.

Key Risk Factors

  • Family history Allergies run in families.
  • Other allergies Asthma and eczema.
  • Exposure Dust, pollen, mould and pet dander.

Management & Treatment

01. Avoid triggers

Wash bedding in hot water, reduce dust and keep windows closed in pollen season.

02. Medicines

Antihistamines such as cetirizine; steroid nasal sprays such as fluticasone.

03. Immunotherapy

Allergy shots or tablets for some people with severe allergies.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is it the same as a cold?
No. Allergies don't cause fever and last as long as you're exposed.
Can it affect asthma?
Yes. Treating the nose can help asthma.
How are allergies tested?
With skin prick tests or blood tests.

Sources and further reading

Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.