Croup

A viral infection in young children causing a barking cough and noisy breathing, often worse at night.

ChildrenBreathingLast updated: 21 October 2026

Quick Summary

Primary Symptoms

A barking, seal-like cough, hoarse voice, noisy breathing (stridor) and mild fever.

Common Treatments

Calm the child, keep them upright; steroids from a doctor reduce swelling. Severe cases need hospital care.

Risk Factors

Age 6 months to 3 years, and autumn and winter seasons.

OverviewSymptomsCausesTreatmentFAQ

Overview

Croup is caused by viruses that inflame the voice box and windpipe, narrowing the airway.

Most cases are mild and improve within a few days. Breathing difficulty needs urgent help.

Symptoms

Barking cough

Like a seal.

Noisy breathing

High-pitched sound on breathing in.

Fever

Usually mild.

Breathing difficulty

Drawing in of the chest or blue lips: call 112.

Causes & Risk Factors

Biological Causes

Viral infection (often parainfluenza) of the upper airway.

Key Risk Factors

  • Age Young children.
  • Season Cooler months.
  • Previous croup Some children get it again.

Management & Treatment

01. Comfort

Keep calm and upright.

02. Steroids

A single dose of dexamethasone or prednisolone.

03. Hospital

Nebulised adrenaline and oxygen for severe cases.

Frequently Asked Questions

Does steam help?
There's no good evidence, and hot steam can cause burns.
Is croup contagious?
The viruses spread like colds.

Sources and further reading

Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.