Heart Failure

A long-term condition where the heart doesn't pump blood around the body as well as it should, causing breathlessness, tiredness and swelling.

HeartChronic conditionLast updated: 21 October 2026

Quick Summary

Primary Symptoms

Breathlessness (especially lying flat or with activity), tiredness, swollen ankles and legs, and weight gain from fluid.

Common Treatments

Medicines that help the heart and remove extra fluid, lifestyle changes, and sometimes devices or surgery.

Risk Factors

Coronary artery disease, heart attack, high blood pressure, diabetes, heart valve disease and heavy alcohol use.

OverviewSymptomsCausesTreatmentFAQ

Overview

Heart failure doesn't mean the heart has stopped. It means the heart muscle is too weak or stiff to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, so fluid builds up in the lungs and legs.

It's usually a long-term condition, but treatment can improve symptoms, help people live longer and reduce hospital stays.

Symptoms

Breathlessness

With activity, when lying down, or waking at night short of breath.

Swollen ankles and legs

Fluid builds up in the lower body.

Tiredness

Feeling tired and weak with everyday tasks.

Rapid weight gain

A sudden gain over a few days can mean fluid is building up.

Causes & Risk Factors

Biological Causes

Damage to or strain on the heart muscle, most often from heart attacks, long-term high blood pressure, or problems with heart valves or rhythm.

Key Risk Factors

  • Coronary artery disease Heart attacks damage heart muscle.
  • High blood pressure Makes the heart work harder for years.
  • Diabetes and obesity Increase strain on the heart.

Management & Treatment

01. Medicines

Including diuretics for fluid, and medicines such as ACE inhibitors, beta blockers and others that protect the heart.

02. Lifestyle

Less salt, limiting fluids if advised, staying active, stopping smoking and limiting alcohol.

03. Devices and surgery

Pacemakers, defibrillators or valve surgery for some people.

Frequently Asked Questions

Should I weigh myself daily?
Yes, if your doctor advises. Sudden weight gain can be an early sign of fluid build-up.
Can I exercise?
Usually yes. Regular, suitable activity helps; cardiac rehabilitation can guide you.
When should I get urgent help?
For severe breathlessness, chest pain or fainting, call 112.

Sources and further reading

Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.