Meningitis

Inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, usually from infection. Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency.

InfectionBrainEmergencyLast updated: 21 October 2026

Quick Summary

Primary Symptoms

Fever, severe headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, vomiting, confusion, drowsiness and sometimes a rash that doesn't fade.

Common Treatments

Emergency antibiotics in hospital for bacterial meningitis; supportive care for viral meningitis.

Risk Factors

Young children, teenagers, older adults, weak immunity, crowded living and not being vaccinated.

OverviewSymptomsCausesTreatmentFAQ

Overview

Meningitis can be caused by bacteria, viruses, TB or fungi. Bacterial meningitis can be fatal within hours.

Vaccines against Hib, pneumococcus and meningococcus help prevent it. Seek emergency care at once if meningitis is suspected.

Symptoms

Fever

Often high.

Severe headache and stiff neck

Pain when bending the head forward.

Light sensitivity

Bright light hurts.

Rash and drowsiness

A rash that doesn't fade under a glass, confusion or fits: call 112.

Causes & Risk Factors

Biological Causes

Infection spreading to the meninges from the blood or nearby structures.

Key Risk Factors

  • Age Babies, young children and older adults.
  • Not vaccinated Against Hib, pneumococcus and meningococcus.
  • Weak immunity HIV, cancer treatment or no spleen.

Management & Treatment

01. Emergency antibiotics

Given as soon as possible.

02. Hospital care

Fluids, steroids in some cases, and monitoring.

03. Prevention

Vaccines and antibiotics for close contacts of some cases.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is meningitis contagious?
Some types spread through close contact.
How is it diagnosed?
With a lumbar puncture and blood tests.

Sources and further reading

Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.