Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A long-term condition where the immune system attacks the protective coating of nerves in the brain and spinal cord.

BrainAutoimmuneLast updated: 21 October 2026

Quick Summary

Primary Symptoms

Vision problems, numbness or tingling, weakness, balance problems, tiredness and bladder problems that come and go.

Common Treatments

Disease-modifying medicines, steroids for relapses, and rehabilitation.

Risk Factors

Being female, age 20–40, family history, low vitamin D and smoking.

OverviewSymptomsCausesTreatmentFAQ

Overview

In MS, damage to the myelin coating disrupts nerve signals. Most people have relapses followed by recovery (relapsing-remitting MS).

Treatment can reduce relapses and slow disability. MS is less common in India than in some countries, but it does occur.

Symptoms

Vision problems

Blurred vision or pain on eye movement.

Numbness or tingling

In limbs or face.

Weakness and balance problems

Difficulty walking.

Fatigue

Severe tiredness.

Causes & Risk Factors

Biological Causes

An autoimmune attack on myelin in the central nervous system, influenced by genes and environment.

Key Risk Factors

  • Sex and age More common in young women.
  • Vitamin D and smoking Low vitamin D and smoking increase risk.
  • Viral infections Epstein-Barr virus is linked to MS.

Management & Treatment

01. Disease-modifying therapy

Reduces relapses.

02. Steroids

Shorten relapses.

03. Rehabilitation

Physiotherapy and support for symptoms.

Frequently Asked Questions

How is MS diagnosed?
With MRI scans and sometimes a lumbar puncture.
Is MS inherited?
Not directly, but family history slightly increases risk.

Sources and further reading

Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.