Osteoporosis

A condition where bones become thin and weak, so they break more easily, often without any warning.

BonesLast updated: 21 October 2026

Quick Summary

Primary Symptoms

Usually no symptoms until a fracture, often of the wrist, hip or spine. Loss of height or a stooped back.

Common Treatments

Calcium and vitamin D, weight-bearing exercise, fall prevention and bone-strengthening medicines such as alendronate.

Risk Factors

Older age, menopause, low body weight, family history, steroid medicines, smoking, alcohol and vitamin D deficiency.

OverviewSymptomsCausesTreatmentFAQ

Overview

Bones are constantly broken down and rebuilt. In osteoporosis, bone is lost faster than it's made, so bones become fragile.

It's very common in older women after menopause. Fractures, especially of the hip, can lead to serious disability.

Symptoms

Silent condition

No symptoms until a bone breaks.

Fractures

From minor falls or bumps.

Back pain

From small fractures in the spine.

Loss of height

And a stooped posture.

Causes & Risk Factors

Biological Causes

Bone loss with age, falling oestrogen after menopause, and factors that weaken bones.

Key Risk Factors

  • Menopause Lower oestrogen speeds bone loss.
  • Medicines Long-term steroids and some others.
  • Lifestyle Smoking, alcohol, low activity and low calcium and vitamin D.

Management & Treatment

01. Calcium and vitamin D

From diet, sunlight and supplements if needed.

02. Exercise

Weight-bearing and strengthening exercises.

03. Medicines

Bisphosphonates such as alendronate and other bone-strengthening treatments.

Frequently Asked Questions

How is it diagnosed?
With a DEXA bone density scan.
Can men get osteoporosis?
Yes, though it's more common in women.
How can I prevent falls?
Remove trip hazards, improve lighting and do balance exercises.

Sources and further reading

Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.