Tetanus
A serious infection from bacteria entering a wound, causing painful muscle stiffness and spasms. It's prevented by vaccination.
Quick Summary
Jaw stiffness (lockjaw), difficulty swallowing, stiff neck and painful muscle spasms.
Emergency hospital treatment with tetanus immunoglobulin, wound care, antibiotics and support for breathing.
Deep or dirty wounds, burns, unsafe childbirth practices, and not being fully vaccinated.
Overview
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria, found in soil, dust and animal waste. The bacteria enter through wounds and release a toxin that affects nerves.
It isn't spread from person to person. Vaccination is very effective, and adults need boosters, especially after a dirty wound.
Symptoms
Lockjaw
Stiffness of the jaw muscles, making it hard to open the mouth.
Muscle stiffness
Neck, back and tummy muscles become rigid.
Painful spasms
Can be triggered by noise or touch.
Breathing problems
Spasms can affect breathing and need intensive care.
Causes & Risk Factors
Biological Causes
A toxin made by Clostridium tetani in a wound blocks signals that let muscles relax.
Key Risk Factors
- Not vaccinated Missing childhood vaccines or adult boosters.
- Wounds Puncture wounds, cuts contaminated with soil, burns and animal bites.
- Newborns Unsafe cutting of the umbilical cord when the mother isn't vaccinated.
Management & Treatment
01. Wound care
Clean wounds well and get medical advice for deep or dirty ones.
02. Tetanus vaccine and immunoglobulin
Given after a risky wound depending on vaccination history.
03. Hospital treatment
For tetanus illness: medicines for spasms, antibiotics and breathing support.
Frequently Asked Questions
How often do I need a tetanus booster?
Is tetanus contagious?
Does a rusty nail cause tetanus?
Sources and further reading
Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.
- Tetanus(opens in a new tab) · MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine
- Tetanus(opens in a new tab) · NHS