Thyroid Cancer

Cancer of the thyroid gland, usually showing as a lump in the neck. Most types are very treatable.

CancerLast updated: 21 October 2026

Quick Summary

Primary Symptoms

A painless lump in the neck, hoarse voice, difficulty swallowing and swollen neck glands.

Common Treatments

Surgery to remove the thyroid, radioactive iodine and thyroid hormone tablets.

Risk Factors

Radiation exposure in childhood, family history and being female.

OverviewSymptomsCausesTreatmentFAQ

Overview

Most thyroid lumps are benign. Ultrasound and a needle test (FNAC) show which need treatment.

Papillary thyroid cancer, the most common type, has an excellent outlook.

Symptoms

Neck lump

Usually painless.

Hoarse voice

That doesn't improve.

Swallowing difficulty

With larger lumps.

Swollen glands

In the neck.

Causes & Risk Factors

Biological Causes

Genetic changes in thyroid cells.

Key Risk Factors

  • Radiation Childhood exposure.
  • Family history And some inherited syndromes.
  • Sex More common in women.

Management & Treatment

01. Surgery

Thyroidectomy.

02. Radioactive iodine

After surgery for some.

03. Hormone tablets

Levothyroxine for life.

Frequently Asked Questions

Are thyroid nodules cancer?
Most aren't.
How are they checked?
Ultrasound and FNAC.

Sources and further reading

Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.