ADHD

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a condition affecting attention, activity levels and impulse control, starting in childhood.

Mental healthChildrenLast updated: 21 October 2026

Quick Summary

Primary Symptoms

Difficulty focusing, being easily distracted, forgetfulness, restlessness, fidgeting, talking a lot and acting without thinking.

Common Treatments

Parent training and behaviour support, school adjustments, and medicines such as methylphenidate.

Risk Factors

Family history, premature birth, low birth weight and exposure to smoking or alcohol in pregnancy.

OverviewSymptomsCausesTreatmentFAQ

Overview

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental condition. It often continues into adulthood, where it can affect work and relationships.

It isn't caused by bad parenting. Treatment helps children do better at school and at home.

Symptoms

Inattention

Difficulty focusing and following instructions.

Hyperactivity

Restlessness and difficulty staying seated.

Impulsivity

Interrupting and acting without thinking.

Disorganisation

Losing things and missing deadlines.

Causes & Risk Factors

Biological Causes

Differences in brain development and function, strongly linked to genes.

Key Risk Factors

  • Genes ADHD runs in families.
  • Birth factors Premature birth and low birth weight.
  • Pregnancy exposures Smoking, alcohol or drugs.

Management & Treatment

01. Behaviour support

Parent training and classroom strategies.

02. Medicines

Methylphenidate or other medicines for moderate to severe ADHD.

03. Adult support

Coaching, therapy and medicines.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is ADHD caused by sugar?
No.
Will my child grow out of it?
Symptoms often improve, but many adults still have some.

Sources and further reading

Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.