Autism Spectrum Disorder

A lifelong developmental condition that affects how a person communicates, interacts with others and experiences the world.

DevelopmentChildrenLast updated: 21 October 2026

Quick Summary

Primary Symptoms

Differences in social communication, limited eye contact, delayed speech, repetitive behaviours, strong interests and sensory sensitivities.

Common Treatments

Early intervention, speech and occupational therapy, behavioural support and help at school.

Risk Factors

Family history, older parents, premature birth and some genetic conditions.

OverviewSymptomsCausesTreatmentFAQ

Overview

Autism is a spectrum: some people need a lot of support, others live independently. Signs often appear by age two or three.

Autism isn't caused by vaccines or parenting. Early support helps children develop skills.

Symptoms

Social differences

Difficulty with eye contact and back-and-forth conversation.

Communication

Delayed speech or repeating phrases.

Repetitive behaviours

Hand-flapping, lining up objects, strict routines.

Sensory sensitivities

Strong reactions to sounds, lights or textures.

Causes & Risk Factors

Biological Causes

Differences in brain development, largely genetic.

Key Risk Factors

  • Family history Autism in siblings or parents.
  • Birth factors Premature birth.
  • Genetic conditions Such as fragile X syndrome.

Management & Treatment

01. Early intervention

Therapy programmes in the early years.

02. Therapies

Speech, occupational and behavioural therapy.

03. Education support

Inclusive schooling with adjustments.

Frequently Asked Questions

Do vaccines cause autism?
No. Large studies have shown no link.
Can autism be cured?
It's a lifelong difference; support helps people thrive.

Sources and further reading

Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.