Bipolar Disorder

A mental health condition causing extreme mood swings, from periods of high energy (mania) to periods of depression.

Mental healthLast updated: 21 October 2026

Quick Summary

Primary Symptoms

Mania: very high mood, little need for sleep, racing thoughts, risky behaviour. Depression: low mood, low energy, hopelessness.

Common Treatments

Mood stabilisers such as lithium or valproate, antipsychotics, talking therapies and a regular routine.

Risk Factors

Family history, stressful events, sleep disruption and substance use.

OverviewSymptomsCausesTreatmentFAQ

Overview

Bipolar disorder affects mood, energy and thinking. Episodes can last days to months, with stable periods in between.

With treatment, many people live stable, full lives. If you have thoughts of harming yourself, call 112 or the Tele-MANAS helpline (14416) straight away.

Symptoms

Mania

Elevated or irritable mood, overactivity and little sleep.

Racing thoughts

Fast speech and poor judgement.

Depression

Low mood and loss of interest.

Risk

Risky decisions during mania or suicidal thoughts during depression.

Causes & Risk Factors

Biological Causes

Changes in brain function with a strong genetic link.

Key Risk Factors

  • Family history Bipolar disorder in close relatives.
  • Stress Can trigger episodes.
  • Sleep loss and substances Can trigger mania.

Management & Treatment

01. Mood stabilisers

Lithium, sodium valproate or lamotrigine.

02. Antipsychotics

Such as olanzapine or quetiapine.

03. Therapy and routine

Psychoeducation, regular sleep and early warning plans.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is it the same as mood swings?
No. Episodes are more severe and last longer.
Do I need lifelong treatment?
Often long-term treatment prevents relapses.

Sources and further reading

Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.