Hernia

A bulge that happens when an organ or tissue pushes through a weak spot in a muscle wall, often in the groin or tummy.

AbdomenLast updated: 21 October 2026

Quick Summary

Primary Symptoms

A lump in the groin, belly button or near a scar that may disappear when lying down, with aching or discomfort.

Common Treatments

Surgery to repair the weak spot; small painless hernias are sometimes watched.

Risk Factors

Heavy lifting, chronic cough, constipation, obesity, pregnancy, previous surgery and older age.

OverviewSymptomsCausesTreatmentFAQ

Overview

The most common types are inguinal (groin), umbilical (belly button), incisional (through a surgical scar) and hiatus hernia (stomach into the chest).

A hernia that becomes painful, hard and can't be pushed back may be strangulated, which is an emergency.

Symptoms

Lump

That gets bigger with coughing or straining.

Aching

Discomfort when lifting or bending.

Heaviness

A dragging feeling in the groin.

Strangulation

Severe pain, vomiting and a hard lump: call 112.

Causes & Risk Factors

Biological Causes

Weak muscles plus increased pressure in the tummy push tissue through the wall.

Key Risk Factors

  • Straining Heavy lifting, coughing and constipation.
  • Weight and pregnancy Increase pressure in the tummy.
  • Previous surgery Can weaken the muscle wall.

Management & Treatment

01. Watchful waiting

For small hernias without symptoms in some adults.

02. Surgery

Open or keyhole repair, often with mesh.

03. Lifestyle

Avoid heavy lifting and treat cough or constipation.

Frequently Asked Questions

Will a hernia go away by itself?
No, adult hernias don't heal without surgery.
Can I exercise?
Ask your doctor; avoid heavy straining.

Sources and further reading

Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.