Constipation

Passing stool less often than usual or having hard stools that are difficult to pass.

DigestionBowelLast updated: 21 October 2026

Quick Summary

Primary Symptoms

Fewer bowel movements, hard or lumpy stools, straining, feeling of incomplete emptying and bloating.

Common Treatments

More fibre, fluids and activity; laxatives if needed.

Risk Factors

Low-fibre diet, not drinking enough, inactivity, ignoring the urge, pregnancy and some medicines.

OverviewSymptomsCausesTreatmentFAQ

Overview

Constipation is very common and usually not serious. It often gets better with simple diet and lifestyle changes.

Long-lasting constipation or sudden changes in bowel habit in older adults should be checked by a doctor.

Symptoms

Infrequent stools

Fewer than three times a week.

Hard stools

Difficult or painful to pass.

Bloating

And tummy discomfort.

Warning signs

Blood in stool, weight loss or severe pain need checking.

Causes & Risk Factors

Biological Causes

Stool moves too slowly through the bowel, so more water is absorbed and it becomes hard.

Key Risk Factors

  • Diet Low fibre and fluids.
  • Inactivity Little exercise.
  • Medicines Iron tablets, some painkillers, antacids and others.

Management & Treatment

01. Fibre and fluids

Fruit, vegetables, whole grains, pulses and plenty of water.

02. Routine

Go when you feel the urge; regular exercise.

03. Laxatives

Such as lactulose or bisacodyl, if diet changes aren't enough.

Frequently Asked Questions

How often should I pass stool?
Anywhere from three times a day to three times a week can be normal.
Are laxatives safe?
Short-term use is generally safe; ask about long-term use.

Sources and further reading

Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.