Insomnia

Regular difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep or waking too early, leaving you tired during the day.

SleepLast updated: 21 October 2026

Quick Summary

Primary Symptoms

Trouble falling or staying asleep, waking early, feeling unrefreshed, daytime tiredness, irritability and poor concentration.

Common Treatments

Good sleep habits, cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) and short-term medicines in some cases.

Risk Factors

Stress, anxiety, depression, irregular schedules, screens at night, caffeine, alcohol and medical conditions.

OverviewSymptomsCausesTreatmentFAQ

Overview

Short-term insomnia often follows stress and settles on its own. Long-term insomnia lasts three months or more.

Sleeping pills aren't a long-term answer and can be habit-forming. CBT-I is the most effective long-term treatment.

Symptoms

Difficulty sleeping

Taking a long time to fall asleep.

Daytime tiredness

Low energy and sleepiness.

Poor concentration

And memory.

Irritability

Mood changes.

Causes & Risk Factors

Biological Causes

Stress, habits, mental and physical health problems, and medicines.

Key Risk Factors

  • Stress and worry The most common trigger.
  • Habits Late screens, caffeine, irregular bedtimes, daytime naps.
  • Health conditions Pain, depression, sleep apnoea and acid reflux.

Management & Treatment

01. Sleep habits

Regular bedtime and wake time, dark quiet room, no screens before bed.

02. CBT-I

Structured therapy to change sleep-related thoughts and habits.

03. Medicines

Short-term only, if prescribed.

Frequently Asked Questions

How much sleep do adults need?
Usually 7–9 hours.
Are sleeping pills safe?
Only for short periods under medical advice.

Sources and further reading

Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.