Kidney Stones

Hard deposits that form in the kidneys from minerals in urine. They can cause severe pain when they move.

KidneysLast updated: 21 October 2026

Quick Summary

Primary Symptoms

Severe pain in the side or back that may spread to the groin, blood in urine, nausea, vomiting and needing to pass urine often.

Common Treatments

Pain relief and plenty of fluids for small stones; procedures to break up or remove larger ones.

Risk Factors

Not drinking enough water, hot climates, high-salt or high-protein diet, obesity and family history.

OverviewSymptomsCausesTreatmentFAQ

Overview

Stones form when urine contains more crystal-forming substances (such as calcium oxalate or uric acid) than the fluid can dilute.

Many small stones pass on their own. India has a 'stone belt' in the north and west where stones are especially common.

Symptoms

Severe pain

In the side or back, coming in waves.

Blood in urine

Pink, red or brown urine.

Nausea and vomiting

With the pain.

Infection signs

Fever and chills with pain need urgent care.

Causes & Risk Factors

Biological Causes

Concentrated urine allows minerals to crystallise and form stones.

Key Risk Factors

  • Low fluid intake Especially in hot weather.
  • Diet High salt, animal protein and sugary drinks.
  • Medical conditions Gout, obesity, and some bowel and kidney conditions.

Management & Treatment

01. Fluids and pain relief

Drink plenty of water; painkillers as prescribed.

02. Medicines

Tamsulosin can help stones pass.

03. Procedures

Shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy or keyhole surgery for larger stones.

Frequently Asked Questions

How can I prevent stones?
Drink enough water to keep urine pale, limit salt and get stones analysed.
Will they come back?
They can; prevention lowers the risk.

Sources and further reading

Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.