Leukaemia

Cancer of the blood-forming cells in the bone marrow, causing too many abnormal white blood cells.

CancerLast updated: 21 October 2026

Quick Summary

Primary Symptoms

Tiredness, pale skin, frequent infections, fever, easy bruising or bleeding, bone pain and swollen glands.

Common Treatments

Chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and bone marrow (stem cell) transplant.

Risk Factors

Previous chemotherapy or radiation, some genetic conditions (such as Down syndrome), benzene exposure and smoking.

OverviewSymptomsCausesTreatmentFAQ

Overview

Leukaemias can be acute (fast-growing) or chronic (slow-growing). Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the most common cancer in children, and many children are cured.

Abnormal cells crowd out normal blood cells, causing anaemia, infections and bleeding.

Symptoms

Tiredness

And pale skin.

Infections

Frequent fevers.

Bruising and bleeding

Nosebleeds or gum bleeding.

Bone pain

And swollen glands.

Causes & Risk Factors

Biological Causes

Genetic changes in bone marrow cells.

Key Risk Factors

  • Previous treatment Chemotherapy or radiation.
  • Genetic conditions Down syndrome.
  • Chemicals Benzene exposure.

Management & Treatment

01. Chemotherapy

The main treatment.

02. Targeted therapy

For specific types such as CML.

03. Transplant

Stem cell transplant for some.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can leukaemia be cured?
Many types, especially childhood ALL, can be cured.
How is it diagnosed?
Blood count and bone marrow tests.

Sources and further reading

Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.