Menopause

The time when periods stop for good, usually between 45 and 55, as hormone levels fall. Symptoms vary and can be managed.

Women's healthHormonesLast updated: 21 October 2026

Quick Summary

Primary Symptoms

Hot flushes, night sweats, irregular then stopped periods, mood changes, poor sleep, vaginal dryness and joint aches.

Common Treatments

Lifestyle changes, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for some women, and other medicines for symptoms.

Risk Factors

Natural ageing; earlier menopause after surgery to remove ovaries or some cancer treatments.

OverviewSymptomsCausesTreatmentFAQ

Overview

Menopause is diagnosed after 12 months without a period. The years before it are called perimenopause.

Lower oestrogen after menopause increases the risk of osteoporosis and heart disease.

Symptoms

Hot flushes

Sudden warmth and sweating.

Night sweats

And poor sleep.

Mood changes

Irritability and low mood.

Vaginal dryness

Discomfort during sex.

Causes & Risk Factors

Biological Causes

Ovaries stop releasing eggs and make less oestrogen and progesterone.

Key Risk Factors

  • Age Average around 46–50 in India.
  • Surgery Removal of ovaries.
  • Medical treatments Chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

Management & Treatment

01. Lifestyle

Exercise, healthy diet, less caffeine and alcohol.

02. HRT

Discuss benefits and risks with your doctor.

03. Bone health

Calcium, vitamin D and exercise.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is bleeding after menopause normal?
No. Any bleeding after menopause should be checked.
Is HRT safe?
For many women, benefits outweigh risks; it depends on your health.

Sources and further reading

Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.