Peptic Ulcer

A sore in the lining of the stomach or the first part of the small intestine, often caused by H. pylori infection or painkillers.

DigestionStomachLast updated: 21 October 2026

Quick Summary

Primary Symptoms

Burning or gnawing tummy pain, often between meals or at night, bloating, nausea and feeling full quickly.

Common Treatments

Acid-reducing medicines, antibiotics to clear H. pylori, and stopping painkillers that cause ulcers.

Risk Factors

H. pylori infection, regular use of NSAID painkillers such as ibuprofen or aspirin, smoking and alcohol.

OverviewSymptomsCausesTreatmentFAQ

Overview

Peptic ulcers form when the protective lining of the stomach or duodenum is damaged and acid causes a sore.

Most ulcers heal with treatment. Complications such as bleeding or perforation are emergencies.

Symptoms

Tummy pain

A burning pain in the upper tummy.

Bloating and nausea

And loss of appetite.

Bleeding signs

Vomiting blood or black, tarry stools: get urgent help.

Sudden severe pain

May mean a perforation: call 112.

Causes & Risk Factors

Biological Causes

H. pylori bacteria or NSAIDs damage the stomach's protective mucus layer.

Key Risk Factors

  • H. pylori Very common infection, often picked up in childhood.
  • Painkillers Regular ibuprofen, diclofenac or aspirin.
  • Smoking and alcohol Slow healing.

Management & Treatment

01. Acid reducers

Proton pump inhibitors to let the ulcer heal.

02. H. pylori treatment

A combination of antibiotics and acid reducers.

03. Review painkillers

Stop or change NSAIDs where possible.

Frequently Asked Questions

Does stress or spicy food cause ulcers?
They can worsen symptoms but aren't usually the cause.
How is H. pylori tested?
With a breath, stool or blood test, or during endoscopy.

Sources and further reading

Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.