Tooth Decay (Dental Caries)

Damage to teeth caused by acids made by bacteria from sugars. It can lead to holes (cavities), pain and infection.

TeethLast updated: 21 October 2026

Quick Summary

Primary Symptoms

Toothache, sensitivity to sweet, hot or cold, visible holes or dark spots, and bad breath.

Common Treatments

Fillings, root canal treatment or extraction, plus fluoride and good brushing to prevent more decay.

Risk Factors

Frequent sugary snacks and drinks, poor brushing, dry mouth and lack of fluoride.

OverviewSymptomsCausesTreatmentFAQ

Overview

Bacteria in plaque turn sugars into acids that dissolve tooth enamel.

Tooth decay is very common in children and adults in India and is largely preventable.

Symptoms

Toothache

Pain when biting or spontaneously.

Sensitivity

To sweet, hot or cold food.

Holes or dark spots

On the teeth.

Abscess

Swelling, fever or pus need prompt dental care.

Causes & Risk Factors

Biological Causes

Plaque bacteria producing acid from sugars, demineralising the tooth.

Key Risk Factors

  • Sugar Frequent sweets, biscuits and sugary drinks.
  • Oral hygiene Not brushing twice a day.
  • Dry mouth Less saliva to protect teeth.

Management & Treatment

01. Fillings

Repair cavities.

02. Root canal or extraction

For deep decay.

03. Prevention

Brush twice daily with fluoride toothpaste and cut down on sugar.

Frequently Asked Questions

Do milk teeth need treatment?
Yes, decay in milk teeth can cause pain and affect adult teeth.
How often should I see a dentist?
At least once a year, or as advised.

Sources and further reading

Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.