Typhoid Fever

A bacterial infection spread through contaminated food and water, causing a long-lasting high fever, tummy pain and weakness.

InfectionFood and water-borneLast updated: 21 October 2026

Quick Summary

Primary Symptoms

Fever that rises over several days, headache, tummy pain, constipation or diarrhoea, loss of appetite and weakness.

Common Treatments

Antibiotics chosen by your doctor, fluids and rest. Severe cases need hospital treatment.

Risk Factors

Unsafe drinking water, poor sanitation, eating street food or raw produce washed in unsafe water.

OverviewSymptomsCausesTreatmentFAQ

Overview

Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella Typhi bacteria. It spreads when food or water is contaminated by the stool of an infected person or carrier.

Without treatment, typhoid can cause serious complications such as bleeding or a hole in the bowel. Antibiotic resistance is increasing, so the right antibiotic and a full course matter.

Symptoms

Long-lasting fever

Fever that climbs step by step and lasts a week or more.

Tummy pain

With constipation or diarrhoea.

Headache and weakness

Feeling very tired, with poor appetite.

Warning signs

Severe tummy pain, vomiting blood or black stools need urgent care.

Causes & Risk Factors

Biological Causes

Swallowing Salmonella Typhi bacteria in contaminated food or water. The bacteria spread from the gut into the bloodstream.

Key Risk Factors

  • Unsafe water Drinking untreated water or ice made from it.
  • Food hygiene Food handled by infected people or carriers who don't wash hands.
  • Travel Visiting areas where typhoid is common.

Management & Treatment

01. Diagnosis

A blood culture is the most reliable test. The Widal test alone is often misleading.

02. Antibiotics

Given by mouth or by injection, depending on severity and local resistance. Finish the full course.

03. Fluids and nutrition

Drink plenty of fluids and eat light, nutritious food.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is there a typhoid vaccine?
Yes. Typhoid conjugate vaccines are available and recommended for children and travellers.
Can typhoid come back?
It can relapse, and some people become carriers. Follow-up with your doctor is important.
How do I prevent it?
Drink boiled or treated water, eat freshly cooked hot food and wash hands with soap.

Sources and further reading

Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.