Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Low levels of vitamin B12, which can cause anaemia and nerve problems. Common in vegetarians and older people.
Quick Summary
Tiredness, pale skin, breathlessness, tingling or numbness in hands and feet, memory problems and a sore tongue.
Vitamin B12 tablets or injections, depending on the cause.
Vegetarian or vegan diet, older age, long-term metformin or acid-reducing medicines, and stomach or bowel conditions.
Overview
Vitamin B12 is needed to make red blood cells and keep nerves healthy. It's found naturally in animal foods such as milk, eggs, meat and fish.
Many vegetarians in India have low levels. Untreated deficiency can cause lasting nerve damage, so early treatment matters.
Symptoms
Tiredness and weakness
From anaemia.
Tingling or numbness
In hands and feet.
Memory and mood changes
Confusion or low mood.
Sore, red tongue
And mouth ulcers.
Causes & Risk Factors
Biological Causes
Not getting enough B12 from food, or problems absorbing it (such as pernicious anaemia or stomach surgery).
Key Risk Factors
- Diet Vegetarian and vegan diets with little dairy or eggs.
- Medicines Long-term metformin or acid-reducing medicines.
- Absorption problems Pernicious anaemia, coeliac disease or stomach surgery.
Management & Treatment
01. Supplements
Tablets for diet-related deficiency.
02. Injections
For severe deficiency or absorption problems.
03. Diet
Dairy, eggs, fortified foods, or meat and fish if eaten.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can vegetarians get enough B12?
How is it diagnosed?
Will nerve symptoms go away?
Sources and further reading
Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.