Acne

A common skin condition causing spots, blackheads and sometimes painful lumps, usually on the face, chest and back.

SkinLast updated: 21 October 2026

Quick Summary

Primary Symptoms

Whiteheads, blackheads, red spots, pus-filled pimples and, in severe acne, painful cysts that may scar.

Common Treatments

Gentle skin care, creams such as benzoyl peroxide or adapalene, antibiotics and isotretinoin for severe acne.

Risk Factors

Teenage years, hormonal changes, PCOS, family history, oily cosmetics and some medicines.

OverviewSymptomsCausesTreatmentFAQ

Overview

Acne happens when hair follicles become blocked with oil and dead skin, and bacteria cause inflammation.

Treatment takes 6–8 weeks to show effect. Early treatment helps prevent scars and dark marks.

Symptoms

Spots

Whiteheads and blackheads.

Inflamed pimples

Red or pus-filled.

Oily skin

Especially on the face.

Cysts and scarring

Painful deep lumps need a doctor's care.

Causes & Risk Factors

Biological Causes

Excess oil, blocked pores, bacteria and inflammation, driven by hormones.

Key Risk Factors

  • Hormones Puberty, periods, pregnancy and PCOS.
  • Family history Acne in parents.
  • Products Oily creams and make-up.

Management & Treatment

01. Skin care

Wash twice daily with a gentle cleanser; don't squeeze spots.

02. Creams

Benzoyl peroxide, adapalene or tretinoin.

03. Tablets

Antibiotics, hormonal treatment or isotretinoin for severe acne.

Frequently Asked Questions

Does diet cause acne?
Some people find high-sugar foods or dairy make it worse.
Is isotretinoin safe?
It's effective but needs monitoring and must not be taken in pregnancy.

Sources and further reading

Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.