Cholera

A bacterial infection from contaminated water or food that causes sudden, severe watery diarrhoea and can quickly lead to dehydration.

InfectionFood and water-borneLast updated: 21 October 2026

Quick Summary

Primary Symptoms

Sudden watery diarrhoea, often described as 'rice water', vomiting, leg cramps and signs of dehydration.

Common Treatments

Immediate oral rehydration solution (ORS); intravenous fluids and antibiotics for severe cases.

Risk Factors

Unsafe drinking water, poor sanitation, floods and crowded living conditions.

OverviewSymptomsCausesTreatmentFAQ

Overview

Cholera is caused by Vibrio cholerae bacteria. It spreads through water or food contaminated with the stool of infected people.

It can cause life-threatening dehydration within hours, but simple rehydration saves most lives. Outbreaks happen where water and sanitation are poor.

Symptoms

Severe watery diarrhoea

Large amounts of pale, watery stool.

Vomiting

Often along with the diarrhoea.

Muscle cramps

Caused by loss of salts.

Dehydration

Extreme thirst, sunken eyes, dry mouth, little urine and drowsiness need urgent care.

Causes & Risk Factors

Biological Causes

Toxin made by Vibrio cholerae in the bowel makes it release large amounts of water and salts.

Key Risk Factors

  • Unsafe water Drinking untreated water or using it for food.
  • Poor sanitation Lack of toilets and safe sewage disposal.
  • Disasters Floods and crowded camps increase outbreaks.

Management & Treatment

01. Oral rehydration

Start ORS immediately and keep drinking small, frequent sips.

02. Intravenous fluids

For severe dehydration, in a health facility.

03. Antibiotics and zinc

Antibiotics shorten illness in severe cases; zinc helps children recover.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can cholera kill?
Yes, if dehydration isn't treated quickly. With rehydration, most people recover.
Is there a vaccine?
Oral cholera vaccines are used in high-risk areas and outbreaks.
How is it prevented?
Safe water, good sanitation, handwashing and safe food.

Sources and further reading

Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.