Endometriosis

A condition where tissue similar to the lining of the womb grows outside it, causing painful periods and sometimes fertility problems.

Women's healthLast updated: 21 October 2026

Quick Summary

Primary Symptoms

Very painful periods, pelvic pain, pain during sex, pain passing stool or urine during periods, heavy bleeding and difficulty getting pregnant.

Common Treatments

Pain relief, hormonal treatments and surgery to remove endometriosis tissue.

Risk Factors

Family history, starting periods early, short cycles and never having been pregnant.

OverviewSymptomsCausesTreatmentFAQ

Overview

The tissue responds to monthly hormones and bleeds, causing inflammation and scarring in the pelvis.

Diagnosis is often delayed for years because period pain is seen as normal. Severe period pain should be checked.

Symptoms

Painful periods

That stop you doing normal activities.

Pelvic pain

Between periods too.

Pain during sex

Deep pain.

Fertility problems

Difficulty getting pregnant.

Causes & Risk Factors

Biological Causes

Not fully known; may involve menstrual blood flowing backwards into the pelvis and immune factors.

Key Risk Factors

  • Family history Mother or sister with endometriosis.
  • Menstrual factors Early periods and short cycles.
  • Genes Inherited tendency.

Management & Treatment

01. Pain relief

NSAIDs such as mefenamic acid or ibuprofen.

02. Hormonal treatment

Birth control pills, progestogens or other hormones.

03. Surgery

Laparoscopy to remove tissue.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is severe period pain normal?
No. Pain that disrupts life should be checked.
Can I get pregnant?
Many women with endometriosis do, sometimes with treatment.

Sources and further reading

Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.