Gallstones

Hard stones that form in the gallbladder. Many cause no symptoms, but they can cause sudden severe pain.

DigestionGallbladderLast updated: 21 October 2026

Quick Summary

Primary Symptoms

Often none. Sudden pain in the upper right tummy, sometimes spreading to the back or shoulder, especially after fatty meals.

Common Treatments

No treatment if there are no symptoms. Surgery to remove the gallbladder if stones cause pain or complications.

Risk Factors

Being female, over 40, obesity, rapid weight loss, pregnancy, diabetes and family history.

OverviewSymptomsCausesTreatmentFAQ

Overview

The gallbladder stores bile, which helps digest fat. Gallstones form when bile contains too much cholesterol or bilirubin.

A stone blocking a duct can cause biliary colic, gallbladder inflammation, jaundice or pancreatitis.

Symptoms

Tummy pain

Severe pain in the upper right or middle tummy lasting hours.

Nausea and vomiting

Often with the pain.

Jaundice

Yellow skin or eyes if a stone blocks the bile duct.

Warning signs

Fever with pain, or yellow skin, need urgent care.

Causes & Risk Factors

Biological Causes

Imbalance in bile components causing crystals to form and grow into stones.

Key Risk Factors

  • Sex and age More common in women and over 40.
  • Weight Obesity and rapid weight loss.
  • Pregnancy and hormones Raise the risk.

Management & Treatment

01. Watchful waiting

For stones without symptoms.

02. Pain relief

During an attack.

03. Surgery

Laparoscopic removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy).

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I live without a gallbladder?
Yes. Bile flows directly into the gut.
Can medicines dissolve stones?
Rarely effective; surgery is the usual treatment.

Sources and further reading

Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.