Leptospirosis
A bacterial infection spread through water or soil contaminated by the urine of infected animals, often after flooding.
Quick Summary
Sudden fever, headache, severe muscle pain (especially calves), red eyes, and sometimes jaundice.
Antibiotics such as doxycycline or penicillin, started early. Severe cases need hospital care.
Walking through floodwater, farming, sewage and sanitation work, and contact with rats.
Overview
Leptospirosis is caused by Leptospira bacteria, carried by rats and other animals. People get infected when cuts or the eyes, nose or mouth come into contact with contaminated water or soil.
It's common in India during the monsoon and after floods. Most cases are mild, but severe disease can affect the kidneys, liver and lungs.
Symptoms
Sudden fever
With chills and headache.
Muscle pain
Especially in the calves and lower back.
Red eyes
Without discharge.
Severe disease
Yellow skin, reduced urine, bleeding or breathing difficulty need emergency care.
Causes & Risk Factors
Biological Causes
Leptospira bacteria entering the body through skin cuts or mucous membranes after contact with contaminated water or soil.
Key Risk Factors
- Floodwater Wading through flooded streets during the monsoon.
- Occupation Farmers, sewage workers and animal handlers.
- Rats Living or working where rats are common.
Management & Treatment
01. Early antibiotics
Doxycycline or penicillin as prescribed.
02. Hospital care
For kidney, liver or lung complications.
03. Prevention
Wear boots and gloves in floodwater and cover cuts.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can it spread from person to person?
Can it be prevented after exposure?
Is it serious?
Sources and further reading
Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.