Prostate Cancer

Cancer of the prostate gland in men. Many grow slowly, and early prostate cancer often causes no symptoms.

CancerLast updated: 21 October 2026

Quick Summary

Primary Symptoms

Often none early. Later: difficulty passing urine, weak flow, blood in urine or semen, and bone pain.

Common Treatments

Active monitoring, surgery, radiotherapy and hormone therapy.

Risk Factors

Age over 50, family history and some genetic changes.

OverviewSymptomsCausesTreatmentFAQ

Overview

Prostate cancer is common in older men. Some cancers grow so slowly that they never cause harm, while others need treatment.

Urinary symptoms are more often caused by an enlarged prostate (BPH), but should be checked.

Symptoms

Urinary problems

Weak flow or frequent urination.

Blood

In urine or semen.

Bone pain

If cancer has spread.

No early symptoms

Often found by testing.

Causes & Risk Factors

Biological Causes

Genetic changes in prostate cells, driven by male hormones.

Key Risk Factors

  • Age Risk rises after 50.
  • Family history Father or brother with prostate cancer.
  • Genes BRCA2 and others.

Management & Treatment

01. Active surveillance

For slow-growing cancer.

02. Surgery or radiotherapy

For localised cancer.

03. Hormone therapy

For advanced cancer.

Frequently Asked Questions

Should I have a PSA test?
Discuss pros and cons with your doctor.
Is BPH the same?
No, BPH isn't cancer.

Sources and further reading

Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.