Sickle Cell Disease

An inherited condition where red blood cells become sickle-shaped, causing anaemia, painful episodes and infections.

BloodInheritedLast updated: 21 October 2026

Quick Summary

Primary Symptoms

Episodes of severe pain, anaemia, tiredness, swelling of hands and feet, frequent infections and yellow eyes.

Common Treatments

Pain relief, fluids, hydroxyurea, vaccinations and antibiotics, blood transfusions and specialist care.

Risk Factors

Inherited from both parents. Common among some tribal communities in India.

OverviewSymptomsCausesTreatmentFAQ

Overview

In sickle cell disease, abnormal haemoglobin makes red blood cells stiff and curved. They block small blood vessels and break down early.

India has a national mission to screen and support people with sickle cell disease. Early diagnosis and care improve life expectancy.

Symptoms

Pain crises

Sudden severe pain in bones, chest or tummy.

Anaemia

Tiredness and breathlessness.

Swollen hands and feet

Especially in young children.

Emergencies

Fever, chest pain, breathing trouble or stroke signs need urgent care.

Causes & Risk Factors

Biological Causes

Inheriting two sickle haemoglobin genes (one from each parent).

Key Risk Factors

  • Family history Both parents carrying sickle cell trait.
  • Community Higher rates in some tribal populations.
  • Triggers for crises Dehydration, cold, infection and stress.

Management & Treatment

01. Prevent crises

Drink plenty of fluids, avoid extreme temperatures, and treat infections early.

02. Hydroxyurea

Reduces pain crises and complications.

03. Preventive care

Vaccines, folic acid, and regular check-ups.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is sickle cell trait a disease?
Carriers usually have no symptoms but can pass the gene on.
Can it be cured?
Bone marrow transplant can cure some people.
How is it diagnosed?
With a blood test such as haemoglobin electrophoresis or HPLC.

Sources and further reading

Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.