Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

An infection of the bladder, urethra or kidneys, usually caused by bacteria. It's much more common in women.

InfectionBladderLast updated: 21 October 2026

Quick Summary

Primary Symptoms

Burning when passing urine, needing to pass urine often and urgently, cloudy or smelly urine and lower tummy pain.

Common Treatments

Antibiotics, plenty of fluids and pain relief. Kidney infections may need stronger treatment.

Risk Factors

Being female, sexual activity, pregnancy, menopause, diabetes, kidney stones and urinary catheters.

OverviewSymptomsCausesTreatmentFAQ

Overview

Most UTIs happen when bacteria from the bowel get into the urethra and travel up to the bladder (cystitis). If they reach the kidneys, the infection is more serious (pyelonephritis).

UTIs are very common, especially in women. Most bladder infections clear quickly with antibiotics.

Symptoms

Burning urine

Pain or a burning feeling when passing urine.

Frequent urge

Needing to go often and urgently, passing only small amounts.

Lower tummy pain

Discomfort above the pubic bone.

Kidney infection signs

High fever, back or side pain, vomiting and shivering need prompt treatment.

Causes & Risk Factors

Biological Causes

Bacteria, most often E. coli from the bowel, entering and multiplying in the urinary tract.

Key Risk Factors

  • Female anatomy Women have a shorter urethra, so bacteria reach the bladder more easily.
  • Diabetes High sugar levels make infections more likely.
  • Blockages Kidney stones or an enlarged prostate stop the bladder emptying fully.

Management & Treatment

01. Urine test

A dipstick or urine culture confirms infection and guides the antibiotic.

02. Antibiotics

Usually a short course for bladder infections; longer for kidney infections.

03. Fluids and pain relief

Drink plenty of water; paracetamol helps discomfort.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can men get UTIs?
Yes, though less often. UTIs in men usually need further checks.
How can I prevent UTIs?
Drink enough fluids, pass urine after sex and don't hold urine for long.
Does cranberry juice help?
Evidence is mixed; it doesn't treat an infection that's already started.

Sources and further reading

Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.