Cervical Cancer

Cancer of the cervix, the neck of the womb, almost always caused by HPV infection. It's largely preventable with vaccination and screening.

CancerLast updated: 21 October 2026

Quick Summary

Primary Symptoms

Early: often none. Later: bleeding after sex or between periods, bleeding after menopause, unusual discharge and pelvic pain.

Common Treatments

Surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy depending on the stage. Precancerous changes are treated simply.

Risk Factors

HPV infection, not being screened, smoking, many pregnancies, weak immunity and long-term birth control pill use.

OverviewSymptomsCausesTreatmentFAQ

Overview

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in Indian women. Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types causes most cases.

Screening (Pap smear, VIA or HPV test) finds precancerous changes that can be treated before cancer develops. The HPV vaccine prevents infection.

Symptoms

Abnormal bleeding

After sex, between periods or after menopause.

Unusual discharge

Watery or blood-stained.

Pelvic pain

Or pain during sex.

No early symptoms

Screening is important.

Causes & Risk Factors

Biological Causes

Long-lasting infection with high-risk human papillomavirus.

Key Risk Factors

  • HPV The main cause.
  • No screening Missed chance to treat early changes.
  • Smoking Increases risk.

Management & Treatment

01. Treat precancer

Simple procedures remove abnormal cells.

02. Surgery

For early cancer.

03. Radio- and chemotherapy

For more advanced stages.

Frequently Asked Questions

Who should get the HPV vaccine?
Girls aged 9–14 especially; also others as advised.
How often should I be screened?
Ask your doctor; usually every few years from age 30.

Sources and further reading

Last updated 21 October 2026. For more detail, see these trusted health organisations.